Evidence & exploration

References & Further Reading

Every lesson on Making Cents is built around evidence that you can explore for yourself. Primary sources are the research, statistics and institutional material used to underpin the lesson. Further reading & watching is deliberately more accessible: short explainers, articles and videos that explore the same economic question from another angle.

Why do footballers earn more than nurses?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Scarcity, labour markets, superstar effects and the revenue generated by elite sport.

Primary sources
Deloitte — Football Money League 2026 ↗

The latest Money League reports record revenues for the world's highest-revenue clubs and breaks those revenues down into commercial, broadcast and matchday income.

Deloitte — Annual Review of Football Finance 2025 ↗

Independent analysis of European professional football's finances, including club revenue, broadcasting, commercial income and the wider football market.

Further reading & watching
Bank of England — Why are football players paid so much? ↗

A very accessible explanation of how supply, demand and football revenue affect wages.

tutor2u — Why are footballers paid so much? ↗

A short student-friendly article connecting football wages to labour-market economics.

CrashCourse / YouTube — Labor Markets and Minimum Wage: Crash Course Economics #28 ↗

A short introduction to how labour supply, labour demand and skills influence wages.

Lancaster University — Economics — Lancaster University ↗

See how a university economics course uses real questions such as why footballers are paid so much to introduce economic thinking.

Why has the cost of living risen so sharply?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Inflation, energy prices, supply shocks, wages and household purchasing power.

Primary sources
Office for National Statistics — Consumer price inflation, UK: October 2022 ↗

Official UK CPI data documenting the 11.1% annual inflation rate in October 2022 and the main contributors to the rise.

Bank of England — Inflation and the 2% target ↗

Explains what inflation measures, how it is calculated and why the UK targets 2%.

Further reading & watching
Bank of England — What is inflation? ↗

A simple explanation of inflation, purchasing power and how the UK measures price changes.

Bank of England — What is happening with interest rates in the UK? ↗

Shows how energy shocks can feed through to household prices, wages and inflation.

CrashCourse / YouTube — Inflation and Bubbles and Tulips: Crash Course Economics #7 ↗

A short visual introduction to inflation, price rises and how economists measure them.

Office for National Statistics — Inflation and the cost of living for household groups ↗

Shows how the inflation experienced by households can differ, particularly when food and energy make up different shares of spending.

Why is homeownership increasingly inaccessible?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Housing supply, demand, prices, incomes, deposits and borrowing costs.

Primary sources
Office for National Statistics — Private rent and house prices, UK: August 2026 ↗

The latest official UK statistics on house prices and private rents, including regional differences.

House of Commons Library — What is affordable housing? ↗

Explains housing affordability and how house prices have changed relative to wages.

Further reading & watching
House of Commons Library — Housing market: Economic indicators ↗

A concise, regularly updated overview of UK house prices, mortgage approvals and housebuilding.

Office for National Statistics — Housing — Office for National Statistics ↗

A simple gateway to official UK housing-price, rent and household statistics.

CrashCourse / YouTube — How it Happened - The 2008 Financial Crisis: Crash Course Economics #12 ↗

A short case study showing how housing, mortgages, credit and financial markets can interact.

Bank of England — What are interest rates? ↗

Explains how borrowing costs, including mortgage rates, change when interest rates move.

Why can’t the government just print more money?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Money creation, inflation, real wealth and quantitative easing.

Primary sources
Bank of England — Money creation in the modern economy ↗

Detailed explanation of how most modern money is created by commercial banks and how monetary policy affects money creation.

Bank of England — Quantitative easing ↗

Explains how the Bank creates central-bank reserves to buy bonds and how QE is intended to affect longer-term interest rates and spending.

Further reading & watching
Bank of England — How is money created? ↗

A beginner-friendly explanation of why bank deposits count as money and why banks create much of it through lending.

Bank of England — Inflation and interest rates ↗

Simple explanations of inflation, interest rates and quantitative easing.

CrashCourse / YouTube — Money and Finance: Crash Course Economics #11 ↗

A short introduction to what money is, how it works and why finance matters.

CrashCourse / YouTube — Recession, Hyperinflation, and Stagflation: Crash Course Economics #13 ↗

A visual introduction to hyperinflation, recessions and why simply creating money is more complicated than it sounds.

Why do national levels of prosperity diverge so markedly?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Institutions, incentives, productivity and the historical roots of economic development.

Primary sources
American Economic Association — The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development ↗

The influential empirical paper examining how colonial institutions can have persistent effects on economic performance.

World Bank — Worldwide Governance Indicators ↗

A major cross-country dataset examining governance dimensions associated with development outcomes.

Further reading & watching
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis / YouTube — Why Are Some Countries So Rich and Others So Poor? ↗

A short talk introducing the economic puzzle of different living standards and the role of productivity.

New Economic Thinking / YouTube — Why Are Some Countries Rich and Others Poor? ↗

Ha-Joon Chang discusses international inequality and competing explanations for differences in prosperity.

The Economics Network — Teaching Development Economics ↗

A gateway to development-economics teaching resources, reading lists and accessible academic materials.

The Economics Network — Lecture Notes and Short Texts in Economic Growth ↗

A collection of development and growth resources, including material on institutions and why countries grow differently.

What is a recession, and what does it mean in practice?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Recessions, GDP, spending, credit, employment and financial amplification.

Primary sources
International Monetary Fund — What Is a Recession? ↗

Explains what recessions are, why they happen, how they affect economies and why the two-quarter rule is only a rule of thumb.

National Bureau of Economic Research — Business Cycle Dating Procedure: Frequently Asked Questions ↗

Explains how the NBER identifies US recessions using broad measures of economic activity.

Further reading & watching
IMF / YouTube — What is a Recession? | Ask an Economist ↗

A short, accessible video covering the definition, causes, effects and policy responses to recessions.

International Monetary Fund — Recession: When Bad Times Prevail ↗

A readable introduction to recession mechanics, causes, unemployment and output.

CrashCourse / YouTube — Recession, Hyperinflation, and Stagflation: Crash Course Economics #13 ↗

A concise visual overview of recessions alongside hyperinflation and stagflation.

CrashCourse / YouTube — How it Happened - The 2008 Financial Crisis: Crash Course Economics #12 ↗

A concrete example of how housing and financial markets helped turn a shock into a wider downturn.

Why do central banks adjust interest rates?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Monetary policy, borrowing, saving, demand and inflation.

Primary sources
Bank of England — Interest rates and Bank Rate: our latest decision ↗

Explains Bank Rate and the transmission from interest rates to borrowing, spending and inflation.

Bank of England — Inflation and interest rates ↗

Detailed, accessible explanation of how interest rates influence inflation and spending.

Further reading & watching
Bank of England — What are interest rates? ↗

A straightforward explanation of borrowing rates, saving rates and Bank Rate.

Bank of England — How do higher interest rates help to lower inflation? ↗

Walks through the mechanism from higher borrowing costs to lower spending and slower inflation.

CrashCourse / YouTube — What’s all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy: Crash Course Economics #10 ↗

A short introduction to monetary policy, interest rates and central-bank intervention.

Bank of England — Quantitative easing ↗

Introduces the other major monetary-policy tool used when conventional interest rates are less effective.

What will artificial intelligence do to employment?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Automation, augmentation, tasks, productivity, skills and labour-market change.

Primary sources
OECD — AI and work ↗

A research hub covering AI’s effects on productivity, jobs, skills and working conditions.

International Labour Organization — Generative AI and jobs: A 2025 update ↗

Updated global research on occupational exposure to generative AI, with a task-based approach and the finding that most affected jobs are likely to be transformed rather than simply eliminated.

Further reading & watching
OECD — Using AI in the workplace ↗

A readable research paper on workplace benefits, automation risks, job quality and inequality.

OECD — The impact of AI on the workplace ↗

Case-study evidence on how AI has reorganised work and changed tasks in real workplaces.

The Economics Network — AI in Higher Education economics ↗

A manually curated collection exploring AI, education, assessment and the changing role of human learning.

OECD — AI and Employment ↗

A short policy brief introducing which occupations are most exposed to AI and why exposure does not automatically mean job loss.

What is tax, and where does the revenue go?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Tax revenue, public spending, public goods, redistribution and incentives.

Primary sources
HM Revenue & Customs — Tax receipts and National Insurance contributions for the UK ↗

Official statistics on the tax and National Insurance revenue collected by the UK government.

House of Commons Library — Public spending: a brief introduction ↗

A concise guide to what the UK government spends money on and how spending is organised.

Further reading & watching
CrashCourse / YouTube — Taxes: Crash Course Economics #31 ↗

A beginner-friendly overview of why taxes exist, different tax types and what governments use tax revenue for.

CrashCourse / YouTube — Market Failures, Taxes, and Subsidies: Crash Course Economics #21 ↗

Explains why governments sometimes use taxes and spending when markets do not produce efficient outcomes.

tutor2u / YouTube — Public Goods Explained for A Level & IB Economics ↗

A short explanation of public goods, free riding and why governments often finance them.

The Economics Network — What economics can tell us about the Tobin tax ↗

A readable example of economists using theory and evidence to think about the effects of taxation.

What is the function of a bank?

2 sources · 4 further reading

Credit creation, maturity transformation, liquidity, risk and financial contagion.

Primary sources
Bank of England — Money creation in the modern economy ↗

Explains how commercial banks create deposits through lending and why modern banking is more than simply storing savers’ money.

Bank of England — Why do we regulate banks? ↗

Explains bank runs, liquidity, capital, confidence and why banking problems can spread to the wider economy.

Further reading & watching
The Economist / YouTube — How do banks actually create money? We explain ↗

A short visual explanation of how commercial-bank money creation works.

The Economics Network — Credit Creation Theory of Banking ↗

An accessible teaching resource explaining credit money and the mechanics of bank lending.

Bank of England — Financial Stability Report ↗

An accessible route into how banks, payments, credit and financial stability support the wider economy.

CrashCourse / YouTube — How it Happened - The 2008 Financial Crisis: Crash Course Economics #12 ↗

A concrete example of how banking, credit and housing-market problems can spread through an economy.